The United States plans to join the European Union in a World Trade Organization case that challenges a Russian auto recycling fee program as an illegal trade barrier against imported cars.

The EU filed its case earlier this month, complaining that Russia was illegally protecting its automakers with a recycling fee levied only on imported cars.

At a hearing on the U.S. trade agenda on Wednesday, U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman said Washington will join the EU in the case.

The EU action followed repeated warnings from Brussels about what it sees as Russia’s noncompliance and loud dissent in Russia about the merits of being in the WTO at all.

Joining the WTO is a compact, with the cost of signing up to tough standards offset by the benefits of gaining access to a globally regulated market with guarantees against protectionism.

Russia’s critics say it has never made good on its obligations, and the car levy, introduced nine days after Russia became a member, is one of a slew of non-compliant policies on goods ranging from alcoholic drinks to combine harvesters.

Importing a car to Russia involves paying a fee to cover the future cost of recycling it, a form of a green tax. Cars produced in Russia, however, are not subject to the same charge, making it, in the EU’s eyes, in effect an import tax.

Cutting import tariffs on cars was a major sticking point in Russia’s 18-year negotiation to join the WTO. Moscow agreed to do so, but the EU says the recycling fee, collected up-front when a car is imported, effectively cancels out the tariff cut.